Densifying and Optimizing the Water Level Series for Large Lakes from Multi-Orbit ICESat-2 Observations

Satellite laser altimetry has been widely used for monitoring surface height changes in inland waters. However, constructing time series of water levels is partially limited temporal resolution only based on the individual orbit altimeter observations. To densify and optimize altimetry-based crucial to scientific understanding lake hydrologic dynamics. This paper focuses synthesizing multi-orbit on-lake observations from Ice, Cloud, land Elevation 2 (ICESat-2) refine level large lakes. The approach validated through experiments applied 18 lakes worldwide, resulting an average R 0.93, RMSE 0.14 m, MAE 0.12 NSE 0.67, CV 2.86, according gauge stations. evaluation results demonstrate that our can provide effective solution densifying covered by ICESat-2 Further, be extended monitor high-frequency variation other multiple orbits. provides potential generating higher-frequency estimates satellite altimetry, which could not help reveal characteristics seasonal dynamics but also investigate abrupt due hydrological extreme events (e.g., floods, droughts, etc.).